Atomis Inc. (https://www.atomis.co.jp/en/) is a Japanese technology company leveraging porous coordination polymers (PCPs/MOFs) to precisely control gases, offering solutions for industrial gas storage, separation, and carbon recycling, notably with their compact, cubic CubiTan® gas tank and systems for converting CO₂ to useful chemicals like formic acid, aiming to create innovative gas distribution and energy systems.

Technology development supported by recent IP:

A) Process-intensified MOF manufacturing

• Centrifugal + shear co-application (thin-film/high-speed agitation). The method continuously applies centrifugal and shear forces to a formulation (metal source + multidentate ligand + solvent) to obtain high-quality MOFs in short time—explicitly contrasting with solvothermal, ball-mill, or extrusion-only routes. This targets short residence times, scalability, and product homogeneity [1].
• Rotor–stator (turbine) shear synthesis. A complementary filing specifies a stator-surrounded turbine agitator applying strong shear in liquid phase to simplify and accelerate MOF synthesis—again with a manufacturing lens (equipment class, unit ops) [2].
  Novelty vs prior art: Both routes emphasize continuous/intensified mixing rather than batch solvothermal, aiming to lower capex/opex, raise space–time yield, and avoid DMF-heavy chemistries where possible [1–2].
  Typical experimental scaffolding: Equipment configurations (rotor–stator head; thin-film region), reagent classes, and operating windows (mixing regimes) are disclosed; examples reference comparison to extruder-based synthesis in prior art [1–2].

B) Smart gas container system (CubiTan®)

• Stackable flat-form container + rack/system. Claims cover a casing with flat top/bottom, vertically stackable, housing a gas vessel; pedestal/rack with contactless power to a gas-remaining measurement module (extends life, avoids module retrieval for recharge) [4].
• “Windowed” casing. Adds at least one window so operators can visually verify container information (gas type, ID) without removing the casing or querying telemetry—reducing handling errors [3].
• Low-power fleet management. Introduces a relay-based telemetry architecture (short-range tag on each container → relay with long-range link → management server), cutting per-container power draw and cost vs GPS/LTE on every unit; also includes a support frame/pedestal [5].
  Novelty vs prior art: The container form factor (flat, stackable) plus contactless power plus relay telemetry addresses logistics, HSE, and TCO—distinct from conventional bottle cylinders [3–5].

C) Device-level integration with MOFs

• MOF–fiber composite elements for humidity control/AWG (with Daikin). A base layer where fibers and MOFs are co-integrated so MOF crystals are sandwiched between fibers, suppressing particle shedding and improving durability under cycling; embodiments target humidity control and atmospheric water generation devices [6].
• Fluorocarbon separations by carbon number (with Daikin). An adsorptive isolation method to separate low-carbon-number fluorocarbons (e.g., C1 like CF₄) from mixtures with higher-carbon-number components—relevant to refrigerant reclamation and circularity [7].
• DAC gas-recovery device. A two-chamber architecture with a pump loop that both feeds air to the adsorbent chamber and transfers desorbed CO₂ to the storage/utilization chamber, aiming to increase hourly recovery vs. conventional stepwise vacuum-heat pathways [8].
  Novelty vs prior art: The mechanical immobilization of MOFs in paper-making/felt-like fiber matrices addresses a known dusting/attrition pain point; the carbon-number refrigerant split tackles energy-intensive distillation; and the DAC loop targets throughput per unit hardware [6–8].

[1] EP 3971160 A1 (Atomis). Method for Producing Metal-Organic Structure. Published Mar 23, 2022.
[2] EP 4563567 A1 (Atomis). Method for Producing Metal-Organic Structure. Published Jun 4, 2025.
[3] EP 4365479 A1 (Atomis). Gas Storage Container. Published May 8, 2024.
[4] EP 4365478 A1 (Atomis). Gas Storage Container, Rack, and Gas Storage System. Published May 8, 2024. 1
[5] EP 4637178 A1 (Atomis). Gas Storage Container Management System and Management Method, and Frame. Published Oct 22, 2025.
[6] US 2024/0426488 A1 (Daikin; Atomis). Adsorption Element, Humidity Control Apparatus, and Atmospheric Water Generator. Published Dec 26, 2024.
[7] US 2024/0408533 A1 (Daikin; Atomis). Isolation Method (fluorocarbon separation by carbon number). Published Dec 12, 2024.
[8] US 2025/0288942 A1 (Atomis). Gas Recovery Device and Recovery Method (DAC). Published Sep 18, 2025.
[9] JP 2023-121747 A (Atomis). Published 2023.
[10] CN 118696021 A (Atomis). Published 2024/2025.

ProfMOF (https://profmof.com/) is a Norwegian chemical company spun out from the University of Oslo, specializing in developing highly stable, cost-effective Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) like UiO-66 for industrial uses, focusing on gas storage, separation, catalysis, and water harvesting, leveraging extensive academic research for commercial applications. They partner with industry to scale production and apply these advanced nanomaterials in areas like hydrogen storage, carbon capture, and drug delivery, aiming to bring cutting-edge MOFs to market. 

Technology development supported by recent IP (WO2019/162344 A1)

Patent application scope and novelty

• Title: Method for producing porous metal–organic frameworks (applicant ProfMOF AS; published Aug 29 2019).
• Core inventive concept:
  A method for synthesizing MOFs—particularly Zr-based UiO-type frameworks—in a continuous stirred or plug-flow reactor under aqueous or mixed-solvent conditions, maintaining crystallinity and porosity comparable to solvothermal DMF syntheses.
• Novel features vs. prior art:
  1. Use of non-toxic solvents (water, short alcohols) and mild temperatures (≤120 °C) instead of DMF/DEF autoclaving.
  2. pH-controlled precipitation and modulator addition (formic/acetic acids) for defect tuning and particle-size control.
  3. Continuous or semi-continuous operation allowing space-time yields > 100 kg m⁻³ h⁻¹ (compared with < 10 kg m⁻³ h⁻¹ typical of batch solvothermal).
  4. Reduced need for washing/solvent exchange through in-process crystallization control.
• Preferred embodiments: zirconium(IV) chloride or nitrate with terephthalic acid (UiO-66) or biphenyldicarboxylate (UiO-67) linkers; modulators: formic, acetic, or benzoic acids.

Experimental evidence summarized

• Example 1: Continuous-flow synthesis of UiO-66 using aqueous ZrCl₄ + terephthalic acid at 100 °C, 1 h residence time → crystalline product with BET > 1 000 m² g⁻¹; yield ≈ 85 %.
• Example 2: Same system with ethanol–water solvent; particle size < 300 nm; narrow PSD; low residual chloride (<0.1 wt %).
• Example 3: UiO-67 synthesis at 120 °C giving BET ≈ 1 400 m² g⁻¹, no amorphous phase.
• Comparative Example: classical DMF batch method showing longer time (24 h), solvent waste > 50 %, and similar surface area, establishing process, not product, novelty.

Specific claimed advantages

Technical: Particle-size control for thin films or shaped bodies; retention of defect engineering capability via modulators.

Environmental: Elimination of DMF, reduced solvent waste, low energy input.

Economic: Improved throughput (continuous reactor), simple aqueous work-up.

novoMOF (https://novomof.com/) is a Swiss deep-tech company specializing in developing and scaling industrial Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for cost-effective, sustainable carbon capture (CCUS) and other applications, aiming to commercialize MOFs for sectors like energy and transport, enabling compact systems and decarbonization by capturing CO2 below €100/ton.

Technology development supported by recent IP (likely attributable to the company’s know-how):

2016 — Low-pressure continuous-flow microwave (CF-MW) synthesis of MOFs/COFs

What’s claimed/novel: a true continuous-flow microwave process to synthesize MOFs/COFs at sub-1.55 MPa (non-supercritical), compatible with PTFE/quartz flow hardware; contrasts prior batch/supercritical or pseudo-CF art. Representative embodiments cover UiO-66, MIL-53(Al), HKUST-1, MIL-101-NH₂(Al) with minute-scale residence times and high yields (examples in the specification). Why it matters: directly addresses industrialization—safe pressure, uniform heating, reproducibility—core bottlenecks for MOF scale-up [3].

2023 — MOF catalysts for C₂–C₈ → C₉–C₁₈ (jet-range) hydrocarbons

What’s claimed/novel: a MOF composition (e.g., NU-1000 or Mg₂(olz)) hosting Ni (or Pd) phosphine-type sites to oligomerize light olefins (ethylene, butenes, etc.) into C₉–C₁₈, preferably C₁₀–C₁₆—a range relevant for jet fuel. The rationale: MOFs offer ~30 Å pores and tailored coordination pockets that mitigate diffusion/size constraints seen in zeolites or amorphous silica-alumina.
Typical experiments & key data (disclosed): supports were functionalized with P-bearing linkers (e.g., 2-(diphenylphosphino)-terephthalic acid variants), then Ni(acac)₂ (or pre-complex) was introduced by incipient wetness. In 60 mL autoclaves, ethylene (~10→40 bar), NaBF₄/MeCN activator, 80 °C, 2.5 h gave:
– Ni@(PPh₂O-TA)-NU-1000: 55 % C₁₀–C₁₆ selectivity (best),
– Ni(PPh₂O-TA)@Mg₂(olz): 45 %,
– Ni(PCy₂O-TA)-NU-1000: 35 %,
– Ni@P-NU-1000: 18 %,
– Pd analogue: 0 % (underscoring Ni specificity) [2].
Why it matters: substantiates a SAF-oriented catalysis angle with quantitative selectivity and multiple scaffold/linker options.

2025 — High-yield aluminium formate (ALF) MOF for CO₂/H₂ capture

What’s claimed/novel: an industrial ALF route using Al diacetate (alone or in Al-diacetate:Al-nitrate:Al-chloride ≈ 18:1:1) in formic acid (optionally ~5 vol % H₂O), aging 4–24 h at 25–98 °C, delivering high productivities and high purity (ReO₃-type Al(COOH)₃).
Typical experiments & key data (disclosed):
– Mixture, 1.38 mol·L⁻¹, 98 °C, 24 h: ~183 g·L⁻¹ dried yield; CO₂ uptake ~3.9 mmol·g⁻¹ (273 K, p/p₀=0.1); BET 48–69 m²·g⁻¹; >95 % purity (PXRD/FTIR).
– Al-diacetate only, 2.25 mol·L⁻¹, 98 °C, 24 h: ~318 g·L⁻¹; ~3.8 mmol·g⁻¹; BET up to ~71 m²·g⁻¹.
– 25 °C (room-temperature) feasibility at 1.38 mol·L⁻¹: ~2.6 mmol·g⁻¹ with high phase purity—enabling low-temperature manufacturing options [1].
Why it matters: pairs adsorbent performance with manufacturing economics (g·L⁻¹ yields, moderate T), aligning with point-source capture needs.

[1] WO2025/114852 A1 — Aluminium Formate Metal-Organic Framework And Production Thereof (novoMOF AG; Toft, Maurer, Banach). Published Jun 5 2025.
[2] WO2023/111277 A2 — Metal Organic Framework Composition And Method For Preparing A Metal Organic Framework (Metafuels AG; PSI; Koss, Hackett, Kapoor, Ranocchiari, Van Bokhoven, Peixoto Esteves). Published Jun 22 2023.
[3] WO2016/055228 A1 — Low Pressure Continuous Flow Method To Produce Metal Or Covalent Organic Frameworks (Paul Scherrer Institut). Published Apr 14 2016.

Framergy Inc. (https://www.framergy.com/) develops and supplies advanced porous materials, primarily Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Porous Organic Polymers (POPs), for high-capacity gas storage, separation, and catalysis, targeting the oil & gas industry and environmental solutions. Their products, like AYRSORB, offer superior performance over traditional materials for clean energy, pollution control (like PFAS), and chemical purification, acting as “precise molecule traps” for various applications. Founded in 2011, the Texas-based company commercializes breakthrough material science for cleaner energy and industrial efficiency.

Technology development supported by recent IP:

2015 – Liquid-assisted gas storage in MOFs

The earliest patent describes a method to increase deliverable gas capacity by storing gases such as CH₄, H₂, CO₂, or N₂ within a MOF combined with a C₂–C₃₀ hydrocarbon liquid (propane, n-butane, n-decane, cyclodecane, benzene, etc.) under 30–150 bar. MOFs such as UiO-66/UiO-67 are specified. The approach improves usable (deliverable) storage rather than absolute adsorption, distinguishing it from dry-adsorbent methods [1].

2019 – 2022 – Amorphous MOFs formed on porous substrates

Later patents disclose amorphous Fe- and Al-MOFs generated by impregnating a porous substrate with metal and carboxylate precursors, followed by solvent removal. The amorphous fraction (75–100 %) is tunable, allowing preparation of pellets, granules, or coatings without post-shaping. This addresses cost, scalability, and mechanical integrity issues typical for crystalline MOFs [2, 3].

2020 – 2021 – Ti-MOF topical and photocatalytic applications

Two consecutive families extend into Ti-MOF functional materials:

• Topical compositions – Ti-MOFs such as MIL-125-NH₂ and MIL-177 dispersed in squalene or other cosmetic carriers act as UV absorbers and ROS adsorbents. Reported results include: BET ≈ 1289 m² g⁻¹, peroxide uptake ≈ 218 wt %, and complete suppression of squalene-monohydroperoxides under UV irradiation [4, 5].

• Photocatalytic air-treatment systems – Coated meshes/fins/fibers bearing NH₂-MIL-125 or MIL-177 illuminated with UV-C or visible light achieved ≈ 99 % SARS-CoV-2 inactivation (30 min, UV-C) and ≈ 50 % under visible light (30 min). PXRD and SEM confirm in-situ growth on fibers; methylene-blue degradation tests support photocatalytic activity [6].

Overall technological significance:
– Transition from storage efficiency → scalable shaping → functional photocatalysis.
– Concrete experimental evidence underpins all claims (yields, surface area, adsorption, biological tests).
– Focus on Fe and Ti frameworks consistent with lower toxicity, cost, and light-activity advantages [1–6].

[1] WO 2015/189583 A1 – A Method for Storing a Gas in a Metal Organic Framework and Dissolved in a Liquid Carrier, Framergy Inc., Dec 2015.
[2] US 2022/0023829 A1 – Amorphous Metal Organic Frameworks and Methods of Preparing the Same, Framergy Inc., Jan 2022.
[3] WO 2020/117833 A2 – Amorphous Metal Organic Frameworks and Methods of Preparing the Same, Framergy Inc., Jul 2020.
[4] WO 2020/204876 A1 – MOF Comprising Topical Composition, Framergy Inc., Oct 2020.
[5] EP 3946226 A1 – MOF Comprising Topical Composition, Framergy Inc., Jan 2022.
[6] WO 2021/245422 A2 – Metal Organic Framework Based Photocatalytic System, Framergy Inc., Dec 2021.

Mosaic Materials (now part of Baker Hughes, https://www.bakerhughes.com/) developed proprietary Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) technology for highly efficient, low-energy carbon capture (CO₂) from air and industrial sources, and for other gas separation/storage applications, acquired by energy tech firm Baker Hughes in 2022 to scale its direct air capture (DAC) systems, supporting decarbonization efforts with applications from power plants to submarines.

Technology development supported by recent IP:

(A) Aqueous, scalable manufacture of aminated MOFs (materials + processing).

• Core idea. Moving aminated MOFs (e.g., Mg₂(dobpdc) variants) to reflux-in-water or water-rich solvothermal conditions, followed by filter-press cake washing and controlled amination using much lower amine equivalents (<20 eq, down to <5 eq) to curb costs and waste. Yields are targeted at ≥80–90% and the process explicitly avoids DMF-heavy routes. Post-processing steps (granulation/extrusion; binder choices) are specified for industrial forms [1].
• What’s novel vs prior art. The novelty resides in: (i) ambient-pressure reflux synthesis (vs autoclaves), (ii) use of safer, lower-polarity cosolvents (EtOAc, MeCN, alcohols, toluene), (iii) filtration with a cake filter press to scale solid–liquid separations, and (iv) amine stoichiometry control to minimize excess reagents during post-synthetic grafting [1].
• Experiments/formulation examples. Bench-to-kg scale: an ~1.8 kg batch example lists exact charges (e.g., Mg(OAc)₂·4H₂O ~1.64 kg; NaOH ~0.55 kg; DOBPDC ~0.93 kg; N-butyl-ethylenediamine ~1.19 kg; water 96 L; MeOH 80 L; MeCN 38 L). N₂ sorption (BET) and CO₂ isobars (TGA) show sigmoidal or bimodal steps with uptake approaching 1 mol CO₂ per mol amine below 50 °C; step temperatures include 50–80 °C (low) and 100–150 °C (high) depending on diamine; single-step variants show 70–90 °C isobar transitions [1].

(B) Post-synthetic functionalization by labile-ligand exchange (materials chemistry).

• Core idea. A slurry-based ligand-exchange route where labile ligands (preferably water) occupy open metal sites and are replaced directly by the functionalizing amine during drying (no polar-solvent competition), enabling solvent-lean functionalization and fewer washes. The agent’s boiling point is > the labile ligand, enabling selective removal and coordination during drying [5].
• What’s novel. Eliminates the need to fully remove highly competitive polar solvents before amine grafting; allows water-rich processing while still achieving high coverage of open metal sites (typical amine:site ratios ~1.2–1.8:1) and preserves crystallinity/porosity [5].
• Process windows. Drying 40–110 °C (often ~80 °C), vacuum to ~100 Pa; optional slurry solvent is water or alcohol; examples target Mg₂(dobpdc) and related OMS MOFs [5].

(C) Sorbent cartridge & contactor architecture (hardware).

• Core idea. Cartridge-based contactors with variable bed thickness (thinner on the inflow face, thicker on the outflow) to flatten velocity profiles, reduce pressure drop, and equalize residence time; variants include annular beds, paired plates, and multi-compartment vessels for modular stacks [2].
• What’s novel. The geometrically tapered sorbent bed (ratio ~1.1–1.8 from front to rear) and mesh encapsulation, plus compartmentalized vessels to pack multiple cartridges, are claimed to outperform constant-thickness beds (comparative residence-time and ΔP studies included) [2].
• Experiments. Internal comparative flow studies report lower ΔP and more uniform residence time vs constant-thickness controls; figures show residence-time and pressure-drop distributions for alternative geometries [2].

(D) Non-thermal / electromagnetic regeneration (materials–process coupling).

• Core idea. Coulomb-force–driven CO₂ release from amine sorbents via electromagnetic radiation ranging 400 THz → 70 kHz (IR/THz/microwave), claiming single-photon–driven desorption pathways and/or direct electric-field effects beyond bulk heating. Demonstrations include 2.45 GHz microwave desorption with faster CO₂ release vs conductive heating at similar bulk temperatures [3].
• What’s novel. The assertion of non-thermal, field-driven desorption (rate increases with intensity at similar energy/temperature) to reduce system energy and thermal inertia; prescribes intensity thresholds (e.g., ≥0.7 W cm⁻² for continuous IR; up to MW–GW cm⁻² for pulses) and reports IR/NIR/microwave case studies with spectral markers (DRIFTS/FTIR) of CO₂ release [3].
• Experiments. Side-by-side release profiles: microwave (2.45 GHz) vs conductive heating, with markedly higher CO₂ evolution under microwave at near-similar measured temperatures; pulsed IR/NIR experiments (fs pulses) show immediate CO₂ signature increases in the gas phase [3].

(E) RF-assisted desorption with recirculation “flow loop” (system-level).

• Core idea. RF/microwave heating of sorbent within a desorption chamber plus a closed recirculation loop that drives the hot released CO₂/H₂O back through the bed to erase cold spots and improve temperature uniformity, while a separate vacuum line controls chamber pressure and exports product CO₂. Multiple waveguide ports to couple energy spatially [4].
• What’s novel. Actively leveraging released hot gases as a self-heating medium to equalize bed temperature during RF heating—improving utilization without external heaters in the loop [4].

(F) Dynamic adsorption–desorption material handling (factory-style cycling).

What’s novel. Mechanized cart linkage/decoupling around a sealed desorption chamber to keep cycling continuous, sharing infrastructure across carts to lift utilization [6].  

Core idea. Linked sorbent carts move along tracks between adsorption and desorption stations; the desorber door decouples/recouples carts for sealed operation and high throughput. Supports convection/vacuum/EM heating and modular scaling [6].

[1] US 2024/0131491 A1 (Mosaic Materials). Aqueous Manufacture of Aminated MOF Complexes. Published Apr 25, 2024.
[2] US 2024/0226795 A1 (Mosaic Materials). Contactor Assembly and Sorbent Cartridge Having Sorbent Bed for Contactor Assembly. Published Jul 11, 2024.
[3] US 2024/0375078 A1 (Mosaic Materials). Coulomb-Force Driven CO₂ Release Upon Electromagnetic Radiation in Amine-Containing Solid Sorbents. Published Nov 14, 2024.
[4] WO 2025/155677 A1 (Mosaic Materials). Desorption System. Published Jul 24, 2025.
[5] WO 2025/174352 A2 (Mosaic Materials). Post-Synthetic Functionalization of Porous Materials. Published Aug 21, 2025.
[6] US 2025/0242293 A1 (Mosaic Materials). Dynamic Adsorption and Desorption System. Published Jul 31, 2025.

Immaterial Ltd (https://immaterial.com/) is a Cambridge, UK-based advanced materials company specializing in bespoke, monolithic metal-organic frameworks (m-MOFs) to enable industrial decarbonization and energy transition, offering solutions for carbon capture, hydrogen storage, water harvesting, and HVAC energy reduction by combining proprietary materials with innovative process engineering for cost-effective, scalable applications. They aim to make decarbonization economically viable by optimizing these advanced porous nanomaterials for specific industrial challenges.

Technology development supported by recent IP:

2022 → early 2024: “Wet-mass → bindered body” routes; control of crystallite size and solvent management.

• Core process concept: form MOF bodies without first fully drying to powder, keeping crystallites small (tens–hundreds of nm) to avoid meso/macroporosity and preserve microporosity; add binder in two modes (powder and solution) to control rheology; form bodies (extrusion/tabletting/granulation); then optional solvent wash to remove excess binder; final activation [2][3][8][14][17][19].
• Novelty elements claimed: (i) undried framework/binder mass with controlled “free solvent” enabling extrusion/spheronisation at industrial rates; (ii) nanocrystallite size targets (<900 nm, often <400 nm) to improve density/robustness; (iii) dual binder addition (powder + solution) to minimise total solvent and pore blocking while maintaining strength; (iv) post-forming partial binder removal via second solvent to raise surface area while retaining integrity [2][3][8][14][17][19].

2024: Bulk-bed packing & kinetics—two-body compositions.

• MOF monolithic composition comprising (A) high-aspect-ratio extrudates (≥2) plus (B) a smaller, ~spherical/low-aspect-ratio fraction sized to fit interstitial voids of (A), giving ~29% bulk-density gain in packed beds at constant chemistry/binder—thus higher volumetric working capacity and better kinetics/pressure-drop trade-off [6][16].
• Novelty elements claimed: compositional design rules tying aspect ratio, diameters, void fraction, macroporosity (<~15% by envelope volume), and binder content (typically 2–20 wt%) to packing efficiency and kinetics in real vessels [6][16].

2025: Process streamlining for industrial relevance; washing-after-forming and binder crosslinking.

• Industrialised production flowsheets emphasising low-solvent synthesis, partial drying before shaping, blade-cutting without sticking, slow drying to avoid cracking, and optional wash after body formation (counter to conventional “wash-then-form”) enabled by robust binders (optionally thermally cross-linked) [9].
• Novelty elements claimed: moving the washing/purification step to post-forming to simplify scale-up; explicit operating windows (temperatures, times) and mechanical handling constraints (die-face cutting, spheronisation) tied to product quality and rate [9].

2025: Semiconductor niche — Kr/CF₄ separations with hydrophobic MOFs.

• PSA/VPSA-style process for krypton recovery from CF₄-containing waste gas, using hydrophobic MOFs with largest cavity diameter (LCD) 3.3–4.5 Å (e.g., CALF-20, TIFSIX-3-Ni, NbOFFIVE-1-Ni) to adsorb Kr but exclude CF₄; includes a krypton “rinsing” step between adsorption and desorption to raise recovery; a second step with CPO-27 separates Kr/N₂ to reach ~99.9% Kr [4][5][7][10][11][13][18].
• Novelty elements claimed: use of LCD as the selection invariant (single value per MOF) for Kr/CF₄ discrimination; two-stage MOF cascade and bed-rinsing protocol; operating conditions and comparative data vs. larger-pore MOFs (e.g., CPO-27) that co-adsorb CF₄ [4][5][7][10][11][13][18].

Applications declared across filings: CO₂ capture, H₂ storage, CH₄ storage, noble-gas purification; MOF choices include UiO-66-NH₂, HKUST-1, MOF-74/CPO-27, CALF-20 class and others, selected for stability and application fit [8][15][17].

References (Missing reference numbers refer to selections fromn the same documents below)

[2] EP4299175A1 — “A Process for the Production of an Adsorbent Body,” Immaterial Ltd, pub. Jan 3, 2024.
[4] EP4578530A1 — “Process for the Separation of Krypton from a Waste Gas Stream,” Immaterial Ltd, filed Dec 29, 2023; pub. Jul 2, 2025.
[6] WO2024241066A1 — “MOF Monolithic Compositions,” Immaterial Ltd, 2024.
[8] WO2024240956A1 — “A Process of Making an Adsorbent Body,” Immaterial Ltd, 2024.
[9] WO2025141224A1 — “A Process for the Production of an Adsorbent Body,” Immaterial Ltd, 2025.
[15] EP4578543A1 — “MOF Bodies/Compositions for Gas Storage and Delivery,” Immaterial Ltd, 2025.

BASF SE produces Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) at an industrial scale for applications like CO₂ capture, dehumidification, and gas storage, becoming the first company to do so commercially for carbon capture (https://chemical-catalysts-and-adsorbents.basf.com/global/en/custom-catalysts/MOF). These highly porous, nanostructured materials have vast internal surface areas, allowing them to selectively adsorb large amounts of gases, with BASF tailoring them for specific customer needs, such as for use in Svante’s carbon capture technology. BASF’s pioneering work includes developing scalable production processes and exploring MOFs for sustainable solutions like water harvesting and energy storage.

Technology development supported by selected recent IP:

2013–2016 → Shaping & scale-up foundations

• Spherical shaped bodies for gas storage/separation. Novelty: use of conventional inorganic binders (e.g., clays, cements) with MOFs to yield mechanically stable spheres (1–50 mm; often 2–15 mm) while retaining high surface area; activation ≤ 200–300 °C—a notable deviation from zeolite practice. Claims stress high crush strength with minimal pore blockage, enabling use in vehicle tanks and packed beds. Discloses binder loadings (e.g., 5–20 wt %) and manufacturable routes (intensive mixers, marumerizers), distinguishing from gel-sphere routes that avoid binders but add complexity [2–3].
  Typical experiments (summarized): sphere formation with Al- and Zn-MOFs (e.g., Al-fumarate, trimesates), BET > 500–1200 m²/g targets maintained post-shaping, diameter distributions and crush/hardness data; adsorption (e.g., methane) to show retained capacity [3].
• Integrated synthesis→molding (extrusion) processes. Novelty: one-flow preparation of a MOF-containing molding composition (alcohol/water solvent mixture; 25–60 vol % alcohol, 40–75 vol % water) that is directly extrudable into shaped bodies—skipping filter/wash/dry between synthesis and shaping, cutting solvent/energy footprint and time. Aligns with continuous manufacturing ambitions and addresses surface-area loss typically caused by high-pressure pressing [4].
  Typical experiments: Cu-BTC (HKUST-1) and Al-MOFs extruded from as-made slurries, reporting specific surface areas comparable to powder baselines, mechanical metrics (attrition/abrasion), and throughput benefits [4].

2016–2020 → High space-time yield synthesis & homogeneous powders

• Ultrafast, high STY routes: dry-mix metal salt + linker, then add alcohol/water (25–75 % each) and mix to obtain MOF as a homogeneous powder with very good BET and near-quantitative conversions—explicitly targeting large-quantity production and avoiding energy-intensive filtration/drying rework. The filings position this against batch solvothermal and ball-mill methods that don’t upscale cleanly [2, 5].
  Typical experiments: synthesis of HKUST-1, ZIF-8, Al-fumarate from commodity salts (e.g., Cu(OH)₂, basic Zn carbonates, Al₂(SO₄)₃), BET thresholds (> 800–1200 m²/g in powder form), yield/time and particle-size homogeneity reports to substantiate STY claims [2].

2018–2022 → Coating-first processing from suspensions

• Membrane-filtration conditioning of raw MOF suspensions (straight from synthesis) to a coating-ready product suspension; then coat substrates (e.g., metals) for adsorption heat pumps (AHP)/air-conditioning. Novelty: energy-, solvent- and wastewater-reduction and improved film properties (density, fewer cracks) vs. re-dispersed dried powders; specifically cited Al-fumarate (A520) for AHP/HVAC coatings [5].
  Typical experiments: UF/NF membrane steps to tune solids content and ionic purity; film density/adhesion/crack metrics, water sorption cycling, and thermal stability to demonstrate functional coatings [5].

2021–2024 → Application-specific MOFs (agrochemistry)

• Pyrazolate-based MOFs as nitrification inhibitors: a MOF where the pyrazolate is the inhibitor ligand, lowering volatility and enabling high-temperature stability (> 250–300 °C; TGA/DSC) for fertilizer melt treatment; BET 10–500 m²/g (often 30–250)—adequate porosity with controlled release; XRD signatures provided. Novelty: integrate bioactive function into the MOF backbone, minimizing release of non-nutritive co-species and optionally co-providing micronutrient cations (e.g., Zn²⁺) [6].
  Typical experiments: Zn-pyrazolate MOFs (5-methoxy/5-ethoxy-3-methyl-pyrazolate), TGA/DSC, XRD (small- and larger-scale batch), BET; stoichiometry guidance (e.g., M²⁺:ligand ≈ 1:2) for neutral frameworks [6].

What is substantively novel across the portfolio?

Manufacturability at scale (high STY, low-solvent, extrudable slurries). 2) Device-ready forms (spheres, extrudates, crack-resistant coatings). 3) Function-integrated frameworks (pyrazolate inhibitor MOFs), shifting from generic sorbents to market-tailored materials [2–6].

[2] Burckhart, J.; Marx, S.; Arnold, L.; Hofmann, C.; Müller, U. Ultrafast High Space-Time-Yield Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks. US 2018/0333696 A1; US 10,737,239 B2, 2020.

[3] Gaab, M.; Kostur, M.; Müller, U. Stable Spherical, Porous MOF Shaped Bodies for Gas Storage and Gas Separation. US 2014/0213832 A1, 2014.

[4] Maurer, S.; Reinhardt, C.; Arnold, L.; Hofmann, C.; Kostur, M.; Müller, U. Process for Preparation of a Molding Composition and Production of Shaped Bodies. US 2018/0345245 A1, 2018.

[5] Arnold, L.; Müller, U.; Wengeler, L.; Schmidt, P.; Karwacki, L. Process for Conditioning MOFs by Means of Membrane Filtration. US 2022/0008891 A1, 2022.

[6] Nave, B.; Marx, S.; Staal, M.; Calde, S.; Dickhaut, J.; Thiel, U. Metal-Organic Frameworks with Pyrazole-Based Building Blocks (nitrification inhibition). US 2024/0309022 A1; EP 4358725 A1, 2024.

Nuada (https://nuadaco2.com/) is a UK-based, vertically integrated carbon capture company that uses advanced Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with vacuum swing technology (VPSA) to capture CO₂ from heavy industries like cement and steel, offering significant energy savings (up to 80%) over traditional methods by using pressure instead of heat, thus enabling hard-to-abate sectors to meet net-zero targets cost-effectively. Founded on materials science innovation (formerly MOF Technologies), they build energy-efficient filtration machines and pilot plants, backed by investors like BGF and Barclays, and partner with major cement producers.

Technology development supported by recent IP:

• 2013–2014: Foundational continuous, solvent-free MOF synthesis by twin-screw extrusion under “prolonged and sustained” pressure/shear; seconds–tens of minutes residence times; explicitly pitched for industrial scale-up [3].
  Novelty: converting classical solvothermal MOF chemistry into continuous mechanochemical extrusion with phase-pure products.
• 2017–2019: Shaping (pellet/extrudate) without external binders by controlling initial metal:ligand stoichiometry and forming shaped bodies directly from the reaction mixture on an extruder/continuous kneader; crush strength ≥6.9 N mm⁻¹ at low forming pressure (<100 bar); BET >1,000 m² g⁻¹ preserved [4].
  Experimental examples:
  – Cu-BTC (HKUST-1) pellets: 2 mm pellets, dried 150 °C, activated 200 °C; BET 1302 m² g⁻¹, crush 8.84 N mm⁻¹ [4].
  – ZIF-8 shaped bodies: continuous twin-screw process (details disclosed), demonstrating generality beyond Cu-BTC [4].
  Novelty: binder-free strength via in-process composition control; continuous, “one-step” shape-forming.
• 2018–2021 (published 2020–2021): Water-stability of MOFs via in-line incorporation of hydrophobic compounds (hydrophobic polymers, silanes/siloxanes) during continuous mixing/extrusion; typical hydrophobe:MOF 0.05:1–0.7:1 (w/w); low-temperature processing (<50 °C possible). A U.S. counterpart granted in Sept 2024 [5][1].
  Novelty: continuous manufacture of hydrophobised MOFs, not batch coatings; compatibility with shaped-body formation.
• 2020–2021: Hybrid MOF + graphene oxide (GO) adsorbents enabling rapid microwave regeneration and mechanical reinforcement (GO ~1–30 wt %); framed for faster TSA and reduced energy penalty; developed with Fraunhofer/CNRS [6].
  Novelty: coupling dielectric heating (GO) with MOFs for volumetric/desorption and tougher pellets/bed materials.
• 2022–2025: System-level VPSA: a method and apparatus using non-amine MOFs (notably MOF-74/CPO-27 family) for humid exhaust (≥3 % v/v CO₂; ≥0.3 % v/v H₂O). Key claims include strictly limited adsorption contact times (typ. 20–60 s) and vacuum desorption (20–60 s) at 30–60 °C, thereby preserving performance despite humidity by controlling H₂O exposure [2].
  Novelty: codifying cycle timing/conditions that avoid water-driven degradation in open-metal-site MOFs while eschewing amines, aligning with a “heatless” VSA/VPSA paradigm.

Typical experiments and key details (from specifications/examples)

VPSA operation: non-amine MOFs (e.g., Co/Ni/Zn-MOF-74, including mixed-metal variants); adsorb/desorb windows of 10–300 s (preferred 20–60 s); humid flue gas matrices (cement, steel, lime, power, EfW) with example compositions; ambient-mild temperatures (30–60 °C) [2]. 

Continuous extrusion synthesis/shaping: twin-screw extruder (co-rotating); die shaping (2 mm); drying/activation protocols (150–200 °C) with measured BET and crush strength (Cu-BTC 1302 m² g⁻¹, 8.84 N mm⁻¹) [4].

Hydrophobisation: weight ratios of hydrophobe:MOF, continuous mixing, low temperatures, optional vacuum drying; intended gases include CO₂, NOₓ, H₂O, NH₃ [5][1].

GO-MOF composites: GO 1–30 wt %; microwave frequencies in the ~1–300 GHz range; asserted faster desorption and better abrasion/crush properties for beds [6].

[1] US 2021/0268476 A1 (granted: Sep 24 2024). Process for preparing metal organic frameworks having improved water stability. MOF Technologies Ltd.

[2] US 2025/0050311 A1. Method and apparatus for carbon dioxide separation. MOF Technologies Ltd. (priority Apr 27 2022).

[3] WO 2014/191725 A1. Process for the preparation of a metal-organic compound (continuous extrusion synthesis). University of Belfast.

[4] WO 2019/116007 A1. Process for preparing shaped metal-organic framework materials (binder-free shaping; crush strength; BET). MOF Tech Ltd.

[5] WO 2020/016617 A1. Process for preparing metal organic frameworks having improved water stability (continuous hydrophobisation; ratios; temperatures). MOF Tech Ltd.

[6] WO 2021/223901 A1. Adsorbent material based on a MOF with graphene oxide; microwave regeneration; mechanical reinforcement. Fraunhofer, CNRS, MOF Tech Ltd., et al.

NuMat Technologies (https://www.numat.com/) is a leading advanced materials company specializing in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), using computational design and scalable manufacturing to create porous nanomaterials for precise gas storage, separation, and capture, impacting industries from defense (next-gen chemical protection) to semiconductors and energy, aiming to improve safety and sustainability. They leverage high-throughput discovery and big data analytics to engineer MOFs for specific, mission-critical applications, offering solutions like SENTINEL® filtration for toxic chemical threats.

Technology development supported by selected recent IP:

A) Electronic-gas storage & delivery (sub-atm, deliverable capacity; 2013–2016 → continuing)

What’s claimed/novel. Early filings set explicit deliverable-capacity targets at sub-atmospheric pressure for arsine, phosphine, stibine, diborane, BF₃, GeF₄, with structure–property guidance from GCMC screening and experiments (e.g., Cu-BTC, UiO-series, rht-MOFs). The claims frame cylinder-integrated operation (fill below 760 torr; vacuum dispense), moving beyond generic “high-uptake” to useful delivery windows. Numbers disclosed include deliverable ≥70 g L⁻¹ (up to ~840 g L⁻¹ for arsine in rht-MOF); BF₃ in Cu-BTC ≈440 mg g⁻¹ at 650 torr, 25 °C; AsH₃ in a Zn-based framework ≈600 mg g⁻¹. Why it matters. Targets reflect on-tool safety and throughput requirements in implantation, not lab metrics [1].

B) Oxygen storage / air separation (2014–2016)

What’s claimed/novel. O₂ capacity ≥200 g L⁻¹ at 140 bar, 22 °C with O₂ > N₂ selectivity (IAST ≈1.4–1.9) and reversible desorption 6→0.1 bar, enabling PSA-like extract-as-product cycles and addressing “too-strong binding” pitfalls of prior art. Why it matters. Establishes engineering-credible windows for O₂ PSA using MOFs [2].

C) Manufacturability & shaping without losing area (2014–2018)

What’s claimed/novel. Scaffold-assisted formation to pelletize/agglomerate at ≥50,000–200,000 psi while retaining ≥65% (often ≥85–100%) BET; also macro-particles and polymer-embedded bodies. Why it matters. Solves a key scale-up handicap—packing density and ΔP—for cylinder-grade adsorbents [3].

D) In-situ purification & stabilization of highly reactive gases (2017–2021)

What’s claimed/novel.
• In-situ purification: selectivity against CO₂, H₂O, O₂, N₂ etc. allows headspace vent + re-equilibrate to deliver higher-purity dopant gas from the same vessel (shown for arsine, BF₃/CO₂ selectivity ≈40–90 on Cu-BTC).
• Stabilization: Lewis-base adducts and pore-confinement (≈1.1–1.5× molecular diameter) raise decomposition barriers of diborane/arsine, reframing the adsorbent as an active stabilizer rather than passive sponge.
Why it matters. Addresses gas purity/yield losses and safety—crucial for fabs [4–6, 8].

E) Valve/assembly & system safety (2018–2021)

What’s claimed/novel. Cylinder/valve assemblies for single-nozzle charge/dispense, check-valves near the nozzle, and sub-atm regulator integration to prevent back-leaks and inadvertent discharge—hardware co-invented with the chemistry for the SAG (sub-atmospheric gas) use-case. Why it matters. Brings system-level risk reduction into the IP stack [6–7].

F) Hydrogen purification for fuel cells (granted 2023–2024; continuing)

What’s claimed/novel. Cartridge/canister purifiers using MOF adsorbents to remove CO, O₂, S-species, acids, aldehydes, halogens, CO₂, moisture from high-pressure tank H₂ to fuel-cell specs—positioning MOFs in mobility and stationary fuel-cell supply chains [9].

Typical experiments (representative)

• Electronic gases: BF₃/Cu-BTC ~440 mg g⁻¹ @ 650 torr, 25 °C; AsH₃ in Zn-based MOF ~600 mg g⁻¹; deliverable windows defined across 5–650 torr [1].
• Air separation: O₂ capacity ≥200 g L⁻¹ @ 140 bar, 22 °C; O₂>N₂ selectivity; reversible desorption shown [2].
• Purification/stabilization: BF₃/CO₂ selectivity ≈40–90; higher activation barrier for adsorbed arsine/diborane decomposition than neat gas; passivation cycles to suppress impurity formation [4–6, 8].

Objective contribution vs. field. NuMat’s filings push MOFs from lab sorbents to safety-critical, on-tool systems by combining deliverable-capacity design, robust shaping, on-board purification/stabilization, and safety hardware. This holistic “material-to-machine” IP stack is uncommon among MOF peers (many stop at powders) [1–8].

[1] US 2015/0034500 A1 — Metal Organic Frameworks for Electronic Gas Storage (NuMat Technologies, Inc.). Published Jan 29, 2015.
[2] US 2015/0105250 A1 → US 9,427,722 B2 — Metal-Organic Frameworks for Oxygen Storage and Air Separation (NuMat Technologies, Inc.). A1 published Apr 16, 2015; B2 granted Aug 23, 2016.
[3] US 2016/0151762 A1 — Scaffold-Assisted Formation of Porous Materials (NuMat Technologies, Inc.). Published May 26, 2016.
[4] US 2019/0105598 A1 — In-Situ Purification of Gases Using Adsorbents (NuMat Technologies, Inc.). Published Apr 11, 2019.
[5] US 2019/0091620 A1 — Methods and Systems for In-Situ Purification of Electronic Gases (NuMat Technologies, Inc.). Published Mar 28, 2019.
[6] US 2021/0071818 A1 — Systems and Methods for Stabilizing Highly Reactive Gases Using Adsorbents (NuMat Technologies, Inc.). Published Mar 11, 2021.
[7] US 2021/0106940 A1 — Valve Assembly and Gas Storage and Delivery System (NuMat Technologies, Inc.). Published Apr 8, 2021.
[8] US 10,260,148 B2 — Porous Polymers for the Abatement and Purification of Electronic Gas and the Removal of Mercury from Hydrocarbon Streams (NuMat Technologies, Inc.). Granted Apr 16, 2019.
[9] US 11,596,894 B2 — Process for Purifying Hydrogen Gas for Use in a Fuel Cell (NuMat Technologies, Inc.). Granted Mar 14, 2023.

(Additional NuMat filings were reviewed as context: US 2015/0105250 A1; US 2021/0048148 A1; US 2021/0348723 A1; US 2021/0354107 A1; US 2021/0379559/560 A1; US 2022/0126268 A1; US 2023/0038608 A1; US 2024/0408571 A1; US 2025/0250290 A1; US 2025/0270712 A1; and WO family members. Where not listed above , these follow analogous themes: deliverable-capacity design for electronic gases, oxygen storage, shaping, in-situ purification/stabilization, and system assemblies.) 

Promethean Particles (https://prometheanparticles.co.uk/) is a UK climate tech company that specializes in the industrial-scale production of advanced materials, particularly Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), using proprietary continuous flow technology for applications like carbon capture, gas storage, and water harvesting. Founded as a University of Nottingham spin-out, they offer bespoke nanoparticle solutions, enabling cost-effective, high-throughput manufacturing of complex materials, overcoming traditional lab limitations to address climate change and other industrial needs.

Technology development supported by recent IP:

2005 — Counter-current mixing reactor (supercritical water)

• Teaches opposed-flow of a hot, less-dense stream (e.g., supercritical water) and a cold, denser metal-salt solution with the hot inlet disposed within the outlet to localize nucleation at the mixing zone, strongly reducing premixing/back-mixing and blockage typical of T/Y mixers. Discloses tunability of particle size via flow and temperature; continuous operation at hundreds of bar. Contribution: geometrical configuration exploiting density contrast to suppress upstream precipitation and enable continuous hydrothermal synthesis. [9]

2010 — Hydroxyapatite morphologies via continuous counter-current reactor

• Builds on the 2005 reactor to selectively access new HA morphologies (sheets, tubes, rolls, rods) by pH/temperature/flow control; suggests templating/encapsulation. Contribution: shows morphology control and broader ceramic/bioceramic applicability of the reactor platform; validates process control over particle shape at scale. [10]

2015 — Mixing reactor with perpendicular (side-wall) injection; heater biasing

• Introduces an inner axial channel for a cool precursor and outer channels feeding a hot fluid perpendicularly through orifices into the inner stream near the outlet-end junction. Heating is biased to the outer passages so the cool precursor is not pre-heated before mixing; symmetry and turbulence at the junction improve homogeneity; cascades are described. Contribution: orthogonal injection geometry with thermal biasing to preserve reactant states until mixing, addressing blocking and particle size distribution at higher throughputs; claims MOF particle formation as an explicit use-case. [11]

2024 — Tangential multi-inlet “swirl” reactor with concentric core (heating/cooling)

• Moves to a concentric annulus (inner cooled/heated core tube; outer shell with 2–5+ tangential, axially spaced inlets) creating swirling flow and sequential reagent addition (e.g., metal salt at inlet 1, ligand across later inlets of varied concentration). Claims higher total flow (≥10 L/min), higher precursor concentrations without blocking/dissolution, and larger MOF particles (growth > nucleation) than prior art; includes BET/CO₂ uptake/thermal stability comparisons to earlier reactor. Contribution: scalable, modular multi-feed hydrodynamics enabling concentration/flow-rate increases, better control over MOF particle size & properties at production-relevant conditions. [12]

2025 — Continuous synthesis of UTSA-16 (Mg,Zn / Co,Zn / Fe,Mn,Cu with Zn)

• Claims room-temperature (∼25 °C), 1 bar, millisecond-mixing continuous production of UTSA-16-type MOFs, with specified metal ratios and reported BET (≈0.3–1.5 m²/g ×10³) and 15% CO₂ uptake up to ~1.5–3 mmol/g (application claims for CO₂ capture). Reactor embodiments reference the 2015 geometry and counter-current configurations. Contribution: application-level IP on continuous UTSA-16 synthesis at ambient conditions, i.e., CAPEX/OPEX-friendly vs classic solvothermal protocols (high T, sealed vessels), directly targeting CO₂ capture markets. [13]

Net novelty trajectory: from anti-blocking counter-current hydrodynamics (2005) → orthogonal/heater-biased mixers (2015) → tangential multi-inlet swirl with concentric thermal control (2024) → defined MOF family synthesized continuously at room temperature (2025). Relative to prior art cited in the patents (T/Y mixers, co-current designs, impellers), the localized, symmetric, thermally biased mixing and multi-inlet sequential addition at production flow rates are the key inventive threads. [9][11][12][13]

[9] WO2005/077505 — “Counter Current Mixing Reactor” (Univ. of Nottingham; Ed Lester et al.) (Aug 25, 2005).
[10] WO2010/122354 — “Hydroxyapatite Material and Methods of Production” (Promethean Particles; Ed Lester) (Oct 28, 2010).
[11] WO2015/075439 — “Mixing Reactor and Method” (Univ. of Nottingham) (May 28, 2015).
[12] WO2024/141510 — “Mixing Reactors” (Promethean Particles) (Jul 4, 2024).
[13] WO2025/114457 — “Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks (UTSA-16…)” (Promethean Particles) (Jun 5, 2025).

 

Svante Inc. (https://www.svanteinc.com/) develops and commercializes Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-based solid sorbents for industrial carbon capture, using materials like their proprietary CALF-20 to capture CO2 from flue gases with high capacity and stability, even in humid conditions. Their technology involves “printing” these MOFs onto structured filters within a rotating adsorption machine (RAM) for a fast, energy-efficient capture/release cycle (VeloxoTherm). Svante partners with major producers like BASF for large-scale MOF production, aiming to decarbonize heavy industries such as cement, steel, and hydrogen.

Technology development supported by recent IP:

(A) Contactor & system hardware (2020–2023 → )

• Parallel-passage laminated contactors (active layers/sheets + spacers): Claims specify stacked thin active layers carrying sorbent, separated by integral spacers to set channel height/length ratios (channel-height typically 50–250 μm; low heat capacity vs. ceramic monoliths). The novelty is in manufacturability at scale and mechanical strength at low pressure drop, targeted to sub-second to few-minute cycles [13]. The spec provides prior-art context (laminates/PSA sheets) and pivots the design to rapid moisture-swing operation and large-format stacks [13].
• Selector/multi-port valve for moving vessels/rotary machines: Large multi-selector valve and seal system to route multiple process streams at short cycle times (e.g., 1–2 min), addressing leakage, wear, and scale-up to tens of kt/y capture modules. Novelty centers on scalable sealing architectures enabling rapid cyclic sorption in rotating or moving-bed contactors [15].

(B) Processes to cut steam/exergy needs (2024–2025)

• Moisture-swing CO₂ separation with partial-pressure/temperature swing: Methods to regenerate with low-pressure steam (≤120 kPa), diluted steam at 60–90 °C, and to reflux/condition streams for fast drying; cycle steps explicitly tuned to <~2-min operation [16, 18].
• In-line combustor + heat exchanger + flash drum (low-pressure steam generation): Integrates a duct/catalytic burner into the gas path to raise a slipstream’s exergy, then indirectly flashes water at sub-ambient pressures (≤120 kPa, often ≤90 kPa), delivering ≥0.8 kg steam per kg CO₂ captured at 70–110 °C for regeneration. Novelty: on-skid, low-exergy steam from process waste heat + minimal auxiliary fuel, matched to sorbents that regenerate without high-pressure steam. Claims detail O₂ targets (≤4 vol%), fuel-air equivalence, catalyst light-off, and energy recovery [17, 19].
• Pre-concentration using diluted steam & split streams: Uses a bypass fraction of the (drier) feed to produce diluted-steam regeneration in a direct-contact device, thereby lowering exergy cost relative to pure steam and improving overall CO₂ transfer to the product stream; embodiments quantify RH thresholds (e.g., ≥20–30% RH can regenerate certain MOFs such as CALF-20) [18].

(C) Sorbent portfolio beyond CALF-20 (2021–2025)

• Blended/moisture-swing sorbents: Formulations optimized for fast desorption under steam and rapid drying; the teaching emphasizes moisture-swing thermodynamics (heat of adsorption of H₂O supplying desorption heat for CO₂) and cycle-time impact [14].
• Polymeric amine sorbents (supported or polymer networks): Primary amine/amidine-based solids on inorganic supports or integrated polymer networks with improved moisture/oxygen stability and rapid CO₂ capacity under moisture-swing; intended to complement MOFs for dilute feeds [13].
• New Zn-oxalate triazolate MOFs: An isoreticular family to CALF-20 with halogenated 1,2,4-triazolates (Cl/Br/F/CF₃) and mixed-ligand versions (e.g., SMOF-106, SMOF-265). Claimed advantages: increased hydrophobicity, water stability, and improved low-ppm/low-% CO₂ capture with steam/oxygen tolerance at 80–150 °C. Synthesis emphasizes water-based or low-solvent routes at ≤100 °C, >95% yields, and high space-time-yields (≥500 kg m⁻³ d⁻¹); examples list stoichiometries, agitation, and wash to ≤100 μS cm⁻¹ conductivity before drying. Tables compare CO₂ uptake at 50 °C, 0–20% RH vs CALF-20 (DVS data) [19, 20].
  • Example details (typical): SMOF-106 (100% chloro-triazole): 2.81 g Zn basic carbonate + 2.60 g 3-chloro-1,2,4-triazole + 1.59 g oxalic acid in 50 g water; 100 °C for >5 h; >95% yield [19].
  • SMOF-265 (50% Tz/50% Cl-Tz): 0.77 g Zn acetate; 180 °C sealed for 2 days; >95% yield [19].
  • SMOF-1 (100% bromo-triazole) and SMOF-7 (50% Br-Tz/50% Tz): similar water-based syntheses at 100 °C for 12–72 h; >95% yields [19].
  • MTz-MOFs (methyl-triazolate): SMOF-8/9/16 prepared at ≤100 °C or solvothermal; DVS at 4% CO₂, 50 °C shows capacities vs RH (0/10/20%) and increased capacity at lower RH; >95% yield and conductivity-based washing protocol [20].

Novelty assessment (sorbents): The XTz-MOF claims distinguish over prior CALF-20 by halogen substitution on the triazolate and mixed-ligand compositions, arguing higher hydrophobicity/water stability at dilute CO₂ and steam regeneration; the process-level novelty couples these sorbents with low-exergy steam schemes and fast-cycle contactors [16–20].

[13] WO 2021/240476 A1. Parallel Passage Contactor Having Active Layers (Svante Inc.; pub. Dec 2, 2021).
[14] WO 2021/260647 A1. Blended Sorbents for Gas Separation Using Moisture Swing Regeneration (Svante Inc.; pub. Dec 30, 2021).
[15] WO 2023/175464 A1. Scalable Multi-Selector Valve and Seal System (Svante Inc.; pub. Sep 21, 2023).
[16] WO 2025/149868 A1. Sorptive CO₂ Gas Separation Process with Moisture Swing Regeneration (Svante Tech Inc.; pub. Jul 17, 2025).
[17] WO 2025/153946 A1. Integrated Sorptive Gas Separation with In-Line Combustor, Heat Exchanger & Flash Drum for Steam (Svante Tech Inc.; pub. Jul 24, 2025).
[18] WO 2025/153969 A1. Sorptive Separation with Pre-Concentration Using Diluted-Steam Regeneration (Svante Tech Inc.; pub. Jul 24, 2025).
[19] WO 2025/177247 A1. Zinc Halogenated-Triazolate Oxalate MOF Sorbents (XTz-MOFs): Synthesis & Use (Svante Tech Inc.; pub. Aug 28, 2025).
[20] WO 2025/177245 A1. Zinc Methyl-Triazolate Oxalate MOFs (MTz-MOFs): Synthesis & Use (Svante Tech Inc.; pub. Aug 28, 2025).
[21] US 2021/0268476 A1. Method for Improving MOF Stability via Hydrophobic Polymers/Silanes/Siloxanes.
[22] EP 4608551 A1. 3D Hydrophobic Amine-Rich MOF for CO₂ from Humid Atmospheres.

MOFapps AS (https://www.mofapps.com/) is a specialized engineering company focused on commercializing Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) by bridging research and industry, developing applications for gas capture, heat storage, and cooling, and creating scalable, environmentally friendly production methods for robust MOF materials like their zirconium-based DRIsorb family for demanding industrial use. They aim to create an ecosystem for MOF industrialization, addressing challenges in stability, cost, and production for real-world applications in areas like defense, healthcare, and sustainable energy.

Technology development supported by recent IP:

1. Core invention (WO 2013/050402 A1 – licensed to MOFapps) [2]

• Concept: reagents (metal + organic linker ± base) are atomised into a hot gas stream; reaction + drying occur simultaneously, yielding a dry crystalline MOF powder in seconds–minutes.
• Equipment: standard industrial spray-dryers (single- or multi-fluid nozzles) operated continuously with automatic powder discharge.
• Typical parameters: inlet 120–180 °C, outlet 100–120 °C, residence ≤ 15 min.
• Solvents: water or short alcohols; DMF/DEF optional—enabling green operation.

2. Demonstrated materials and data

Novelty vs. prior art: one-step in-dryer synthesis (no filtration), scalable to continuous production, controllable morphology (nano to microcapsule).

3. Practical implications

Scalability: throughput governed by dryer capacity; demonstrated kilo-scale. 

Cycle-time reduction: minutes instead of 12–48 h batch autoclaves.

Process simplification: no mother-liquor handling; single solvent loop.

Morphology engineering: direct microspheres → better flow and reduced Δp in filters or beds.

[2] WO 2013/050402 A1 (Fundació Privada Institut Català de Nanotecnologia). Method for the Preparation of Metal Organic Frameworks (priority Oct 2011).

SyncMOF (https://syncmof.com/en/) is a Japanese materials science company specializing in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for gas separation, storage, and conversion, offering end-to-end services from MOF design and mass synthesis to integrated equipment development for applications like CO2 capture, ammonia recycling, and hydrogen storage, aiming to support sustainable energy and resource efficiency with its unique, highly customizable porous materials.

Technology development supported by recent IP:

1) Timeline and technical thrust

• 2022 (WO) → modular gas-treating system: series/parallel MOF cartridge containers, downstream analyzers (e.g., TCD) for breakthrough detection, controller-driven switching, and capacity-ratio sizing so cartridges saturate in sync, simplifying maintenance. [1]
• 2024 (US) → control logic elaboration: mass-flow control, pressure monitoring to flag leaks/clogs, single-line or dual-line variants, alarm & swap-out workflow. [2]
• 2024 (US) – NH₃ recycling family (with industrial co-applicant) → NH₃ capture & recycle from gas and liquid streams using MOFs; humidity management, reduced-pressure desorption, NH₃ storage cartridges, and process variants for alkaline/acid steps with liquid feeds. [3]
• 2025 (JP) → continuation/expansion of cartridge-plus-controls and multi-gas treatment embodiments (Japanese publication corresponding to the platform concept). [4]

2) Claimed contributions vs prior art (novelty levers)

• Operability & control: Integrates breakthrough sensing (e.g., TCDs placed after each stage) with automatic routing and cartridge logistics (capacity-ratio sizing to the inlet composition so beds reach saturation together), reducing unplanned emissions and service complexity. [1–2]
• Diagnostics: Pressure signals detect leaks or clogging; MFCs/valves enforce safe transitions and provide data for predictive service. [2]
• NH₃ process heuristics: For gas feeds, deliberately humidify (water content above a defined mass ratio to NH₃) to boost uptake in selected MOFs; for liquids, use MOFs pre-adhered with water-miscible organics and pH control; in both cases, vacuum and/or mild heat regenerate sorbent for reuse. Positions MOFs as reusable vs. zeolites/ion-exchange routes that require saline washes. [3]
• Packaging: Cartridge form factor (portable containers) with parallel lines for hot-swap operation; applicability to diverse gases (CO₂, NH₃, H₂O, CO, NF₃/CF₄ hydrocarbons, etc.). [1–3]

3) Typical operating details disclosed (from specifications)

Use-cases: Semiconductor fabs, chemical plants (NH₃ users/producers), barns/livestock, general industrial polishing where compact modules and recovery are valuable. [1–3] 

Sensing layout: analyzer after the first container (and optionally after each stage) to detect onset of breakthrough; controller triggers bypass/line switch and alarm. [1–2]

Sizing rule: MOF mass/working capacity in each cartridge proportional to inlet composition of its target gas so saturation is synchronized (service at once). [1–2]

NH₃ capture: humidified feed (e.g., water ≥ O(10²) parts by mass per 100 parts NH₃); MOFs with pore diameters ≥ ~0.26 nm (carboxylate/azole linkers; metals including Zr, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn); desorb at reduced pressure (with mild heating as needed); NH₃ gas storage unit can also be MOF-based. [3]

[1] WO 2022/230618 A1 (SyncMOF Inc.). Gas Treating System, Gas Treating Method, and Control Device (priority Mar 31, 2021; pub. Nov 3, 2022).
[2] US 2024/0181382 A1 (SyncMOF Inc.). Gas Treatment System, Gas Treatment Method and Control Device (filed Mar 31, 2022; pub. Jun 6, 2024).
[3] US 2024/0278175 A1 (SyncMOF Inc.; Daiseki Co., Ltd.). Method for Recycling Ammonia from Ammonia-Containing Gas or Liquid; Ammonia Recycling Device; Ammonia Gas Storage Device (filed Jun 24, 2022; pub. Aug 22, 2024).
[4] JP 2025-018159 A (SyncMOF Inc.). Gas Treating Apparatus/Control (platform continuation – Japanese publication) (pub. 2025).